ТПУ (Термопластичный полиуретан) и силикон are two versatile elastomeric materials, but their unique chemical structures, processing methods, and performance traits make them suited to distinct applications—from consumer electronics to medical devices. Understanding their differences is critical to avoiding costly material mismatches (НАПРИМЕР., using TPU for high-temperature seals or silicone for load-bearing parts). This article breaks down their disparities across 7 core dimensions, with clear comparisons, действенные данные, and real-world examples to help you select the right material for your project.
1. Химическая структура & Основные свойства
The fundamental difference between TPU and silicone lies in their molecular makeup, which drives all other performance variations:
| Аспект | ТПУ (Термопластичный полиуретан) | Силикон |
| Backbone Composition | Hydrocarbon-based (ester or ether linkages) with alternating hard and soft segments. | Inorganic-organic hybrid (siloxane backbone: Si–O–Si bonds) с органическими боковыми цепями (НАПРИМЕР., метильные группы). |
| Cross-Linking Type | Physical cross-linking (via hydrogen bonding between hard segments); no chemical vulcanization needed. | Chemical cross-linking (requires vulcanizing agents like platinum catalysts or peroxides to form a 3D mesh). |
| Polarity | Medium-polar material (hydrogen bonds create intermolecular attraction). | Non-polar material (low surface energy; repels water and most solvents). |
| Molecular Flexibility | Hard segments (жесткий) and soft segments (гибкий) balance stiffness and elasticity. | Highly flexible Si–O bonds enable extreme deformation without breaking. |
Key Impact: Silicone’s non-polar, chemically cross-linked structure makes it resistant to extreme temperatures and chemicals, while TPU’s polar, physically cross-linked structure delivers superior mechanical strength for load-bearing applications.
2. Processing Technology & Эффективность производства
How each material is molded and recycled directly affects production costs and scalability:
| Processing Trait | ТПУ | Силикон |
| Метод формования | Термопластичный: Compatible with standard plastic equipment (Инъекционное формование, экструзия, 3D Печать). Waste is recyclable (ground and reprocessed). | Thermoset: Requires vulcanization (flat vulcanizing machines for solid silicone; microinjection for liquid silicone). Waste is non-recyclable (cross-links are irreversible). |
| Температурная диапазон | Processing temp: 180° C - 220 ° C. (lower energy than silicone vulcanization). | Vulcanization temp: 120°C–180°C (solid silicone); 80°C–120°C (liquid silicone). Secondary vulcanization (200°C–250°C) may be needed for stability. |
| Время цикла | Быстрый: 1–5 minutes per part (Идеально подходит для масштабного производства, НАПРИМЕР., phone cases via two-color co-extrusion). | Медленный: 5–15 minutes per part (plus secondary vulcanization time). Liquid silicone is faster (1–3 минут) but requires specialized tools. |
| Special Requirements | Additives needed for outdoor use (light stabilizers to prevent UV degradation). | Medical-grade silicone requires platinum catalysts (avoids peroxide residue). Solid silicone needs silica fillers for reinforcement. |
Пример реального мира: A smartphone manufacturer uses TPU for 100,000+ phone cases/month (fast extrusion, recyclable waste), while a medical device firm uses liquid silicone for 5,000 surgical catheter tips/month (precision microinjection, non-recyclable but biocompatible).
3. Механические характеристики: Сила, Эластичность, and Durability
Mechanical properties determine which material works for structural vs. flexible applications:
| Mechanical Metric | ТПУ | Силикон |
| Предел прочности | Высокий: 20MPa–40MPa (top grades rival engineering plastics). Suitable for gear belts, shoe midsoles. | Низкий: 5MPa–8MPa (только 1/5 of TPU’s strength). Not for load-bearing parts. |
| Tear Strength | Отличный: Micro-phase separation prevents crack propagation. 3x stronger than silicone in right-angle incision tests (same thickness). | Бедный: Molecular chain slippage causes stress concentration; tears easily under sharp impacts. |
| Удлинение при перерыве | 300%–600% (balances stretch and recovery for shock absorption). | 200%–800% (stretches further than TPU but with lower strength). |
| Compression Set | Умеренный: 15%–25% after 70 hours at 150°C (ASTM D395). May flatten over time in high-pressure seals. | Низкий: ≤15% (high-performance grades ≤10%)—ideal for long-term seals (НАПРИМЕР., Автомобильные прокладки). |
| Усталостная жизнь | Хороший: 100,000–500,000 cycles (strain amplitude ±50%). | Отличный: 1,000,000+ цикл (outperforms most elastomers for dynamic applications like pump diaphragms). |
Critical Use Case: A fitness equipment maker chooses TPU for treadmill belt rollers (high tensile strength resists wear), while a HVAC manufacturer uses silicone for fan gaskets (low compression set maintains a tight seal for years).
4. Environmental Tolerance: Нагревать, Химикаты, and Aging
How each material withstands harsh conditions defines its suitability for extreme environments:
| Экологический фактор | ТПУ | Силикон |
| Теплостойкость | Ограничен: Long-term use ≤80°C; short-term ≤120°C (special formulas). Degrades above 150°C (yellows, becomes brittle). | Отличный: Long-term use -60°C–250°C; short-term ≤300°C. Retains flexibility in freezing or boiling conditions. |
| Химическая устойчивость | Переменная: Aliphatic TPU swells in grease/oils; aromatic TPU resists solvents. Dissolves in strong acids (НАПРИМЕР., серная кислота). | Универсальный: Resists most chemicals (смазка, масла, растворители) За исключением сильных щелочей (НАПРИМЕР., concentrated NaOH). No swelling in hydrocarbons. |
| Aging Mechanism | UV exposure causes yellowing and surface cracking; heat accelerates hardening. | UV/ozone causes gradual hardening (Бриттлис); heat has minimal impact. |
| Weatherability | Requires UV absorbers for outdoor use (service life: 2–5 лет). | Inherently weather-resistant (service life: 5–10 лет) without additives. |
Пример: A car manufacturer uses silicone for engine gaskets (withstands 220°C exhaust heat), while a shoe brand uses TPU for sneaker midsoles (adds UV stabilizers to prevent yellowing in sunlight).
5. Сценарии приложения: Which Material to Choose When?
Their unique traits make TPU and silicone irreplaceable in specific use cases. Below is a clear selection guide:
| Scenario Requirement | Choose TPU? | Choose Silicone? | Почему? |
| Несущие части | ✅ Yes | ❌ No | TPU’s high tensile strength (40МПА) supports weight (НАПРИМЕР., gear belts, wheelchair tires). |
| High-Temperature Seals | ❌ No | ✅ Yes | Silicone’s -60°C–250°C range maintains elasticity in ovens/engines. |
| Biocompatible Devices | ❌ No (unless certified) | ✅ Yes | Silicone meets ISO 10993 (НАПРИМЕР., artificial breast implants); TPU’s polar structure may leach chemicals. |
| 3D-Printed Prototypes | ✅ Yes | ❌ No (limited options) | TPU filaments are widely available for FDM printers; silicone 3D printing requires specialized resin. |
| Shock Absorption | ✅ Yes | ❌ No | Foamed TPU has 60%+ energy return (sneaker midsoles); silicone rebounds well but lacks strength. |
| High-Vacuum Sealing | ❌ No | ✅ Yes | Fluorosilicone silicone has leakage rates <1×10⁻⁹Pa·m³/s (spacecraft hatches). |
Пример отрасли: A medical device company uses silicone for surgical gloves (биосовместимый, heat-sterilizable), while a sports brand uses TPU for yoga mat grips (Шок-Абсорбент, printable in custom colors).
6. Practical Identification Methods: How to Tell Them Apart
Use these quick tests to distinguish TPU from silicone without specialized equipment:
| Test Method | TPU Reaction | Silicone Reaction |
| Combustion Test | Burns with blue flame; melts and drips; residue is black carbonized block. | Self-extinguishes; produces white smoke; residue is white powdered silica. |
| Solvent Test | Immersed in acetone: Surface swells, wrinkles, and softens (weight increases by 5%–10%). | Immersed in acetone: Нет изменений (weight variation <1%); surface remains smooth. |
| Hardness Test | Shore A 70–90 (firm, like a rubber eraser); Shore D 30–50 for rigid grades. | Shore A 20–60 (мягкий, как мяч для стресса); no Shore D grades (too flexible). |
| Rebound Test | Steel ball (10глин) dropped from 10cm rebounds 3–5cm (lower resilience). | Steel ball rebounds 6–8cm (higher resilience, even at low hardness). |
7. Yigu Technology’s Perspective on TPU vs. Силикон
В Yigu Technology, we’ve resolved countless material mismatches—e.g., a client used TPU for oven seals (melted at 180°C) or silicone for industrial gear belts (teared under load). Our key advice: Расставить приоритеты условия окружающей среды и mechanical needs over cost. Для большого объема, запасные детали (НАПРИМЕР., 100k+ phone cases), TPU’s recyclability and fast cycles save 30% on manufacturing costs. Для критических приложений (НАПРИМЕР., Медицинские имплантаты, spacecraft seals), silicone’s biocompatibility and temperature resistance are non-negotiable—even with 2x higher costs. We also recommend testing: For outdoor products, expose TPU/silicone to 1,000 hours of UV light to check aging; for seals, run compression set tests at your maximum operating temperature. The right material isn’t just about performance—it’s about long-term reliability.
8. Часто задаваемые вопросы: Common Questions About TPU and Silicone
1 квартал: Can TPU be used as a substitute for silicone in medical devices?
А1: Only for non-implantable, low-risk devices (НАПРИМЕР., external sensor housings). Имплантируемые устройства (НАПРИМЕР., breast implants) require silicone—TPU may leach chemicals (even certified grades) and lacks silicone’s long-term biostability. Always verify ISO 10993 согласие; silicone meets this standard for implants, while TPU rarely does.
2 квартал: Which material is better for outdoor products (НАПРИМЕР., garden hoses, мебель патио)?
А2: It depends on the product’s function. For flexible hoses (needs chemical resistance to water/garden chemicals), choose silicone (Нет отек, 5–10 year weather life). For rigid furniture parts (требует воздействия сопротивления), choose TPU (add UV stabilizers) — it’s stronger than silicone and cheaper for high-volume production.
Q3: Is silicone more expensive than TPU?
А3: Raw material costs are similar (\(3- )8/кг), but silicone’s total manufacturing cost is 1.5–2x higher. This is due to slower vulcanization cycles, non-recyclable waste, and specialized equipment (НАПРИМЕР., liquid silicone injection machines). TPU’s faster cycles and recyclable waste make it cheaper for high-volume projects; silicone is cost-effective only for low-volume, Высокопроизводительные приложения.