CNC machining relies on three core elements to deliver efficient, Высококачественные результаты: Скорость резки, tool feed, и глубина разрезания. These elements are like the “engine, transmission, and fuel” of a car—each works independently but must be balanced to avoid mistakes like tool damage, плохая поверхность, or wasted time. This guide breaks down each element of CNC machining, solves common parameter-setting problems, and helps you optimize them for your specific project.
1. Скорость резки: The “Speed Limit” for Tool and Material
Скорость резки is the speed at which the workpiece or tool moves relative to each other during machining (measured in m/min or ft/min). It directly impacts how fast you can machine a part—and how long your tool lasts.
1.1 Key Factors That Determine Cutting Speed
Cutting speed isn’t one-size-fits-all. It depends on three critical factors:
- Материал инструмента: Harder tools handle faster speeds. Карбид инструментов (common in industrial CNC) can run 3–5x faster than high-speed steel (HSS) инструменты.
- Материал заготовки: Мягкие материалы (НАПРИМЕР., алюминий) allow faster speeds than hard materials (НАПРИМЕР., нержавеющая сталь).
- Machining Conditions: Wet machining (с охлаждающей жидкостью) lets you increase speed by 20–30% (coolant reduces heat and tool wear).
The table below shows recommended cutting speeds for common tool-workpiece pairs:
Материал инструмента | Материал заготовки | Dry Machining Speed (м/мой) | Wet Machining Speed (м/мой) |
Карбид | Алюминий | 300–500 | 400–600 |
Карбид | Нержавеющая сталь | 80–120 | 100–150 |
HSS | Алюминий | 100–150 | 120–180 |
HSS | Нержавеющая сталь | 20–40 | 30–50 |
1.2 Common Problem Solved: “Why is my tool wearing out too fast?”
You’re likely using a cutting speed that’s too high for your tool-workpiece pair. Например:
- If you run a carbide tool on stainless steel at 200 м/мой (сухой), the tool will overheat and wear out in 30 минуты.
- Lower the speed to 100 м/мой (сухой), and the tool lasts 4–6 hours—saving you money on tool replacements.
2. Tool Feed: Balancing Surface Quality and Efficiency
Tool feed is the distance the tool moves along the workpiece per revolution (measured in mm/rev or inches/rev). It controls two key outcomes: шероховатость поверхности (how smooth the part is) and machining time.
2.1 How to Choose Tool Feed
The right feed rate depends on whether you’re doing rough machining (removing material quickly) или finish machining (creating a smooth surface):
- Грубая обработка: Use a larger feed rate (0.2–0.5 mm/rev) to remove material fast. Например, when cutting a 100mm aluminum block down to 80mm, а 0.4 mm/rev feed cuts the block in 5 минуты (против. 10 minutes with a 0.2 mm/rev feed).
- Завершить обработку: Use a smaller feed rate (0.05–0,15 мм/Rev) Для гладких поверхностей. А 0.1 mm/rev feed on a stainless steel part creates a surface roughness (Раствор) из 1.6 μm—smooth enough for visible parts like consumer electronics.
2.2 Критические соображения
- Машинная мощность: A weak CNC machine (low horsepower) can’t handle large feed rates—too much feed will stall the spindle.
- Tool Rigidity: Длинный, thin tools need smaller feeds (0.05–0.1 mm/rev) Чтобы избежать вибрации (which ruins surface quality). Короткий, thick tools can handle larger feeds.
Пример: A user is finish-machining a aluminum phone case. They start with a 0.2 mm/rev feed and get a rough surface (Раствор 6.3 мкм). They lower the feed to 0.1 мм/rev, and the surface becomes smooth (Раствор 1.6 мкм)—perfect for a consumer product.
3. Глубина разрезания: Minimizing Passes Without Breaking Tools
Глубина разрезания is the distance the tool penetrates into the workpiece per pass (measured in mm or inches). It’s all about efficiency—using a larger depth reduces the number of passes, but too much depth can damage the tool or workpiece.
3.1 Rules for Choosing Depth of Cut
Следуйте этим рекомендациям, чтобы избежать ошибок:
- Prioritize Large Depths (Когда это возможно): On rough machining, use the largest depth your tool and machine can handle. For a carbide tool cutting aluminum, a 5–10 mm depth per pass is safe—this cuts a 50mm thick block in 5–10 passes (против. 25 passes with a 2 мм глубина).
- Limit Depth for Hard Materials: For stainless steel or titanium, keep depth under 2–3 mm per pass (hard materials put more stress on tools).
- Finish Machining Needs Small Depths: Use a 0.1–0.5 mm depth for finish passes—this removes small imperfections without altering the part’s dimensions.
3.2 Common Problem Solved: “Why is my workpiece deforming during machining?”
You’re using a depth of cut that’s too large for the workpiece’s rigidity. Например:
- A thin aluminum sheet (2мм толщиной) can’t handle a 1.5 mm depth of cut—the sheet will bend under the tool’s force.
- Reduce the depth to 0.5 мм за проход, and the sheet stays flat—ensuring the final part meets your size requirements.
4. How to Balance the Three Elements: Пошаговое руководство
The biggest challenge isn’t setting each element individually—it’s balancing them to get fast, Высококачественные результаты. Follow this process:
- Start with Cutting Speed: Pick a speed based on your tool and workpiece (use the table in Section 1.1). Например: Carbide tool + aluminum = 400 м/мой (влажный).
- Choose Tool Feed: Match feed to machining type. Rough machining = 0.3 мм/rev; finish machining = 0.1 мм/rev.
- Set Depth of Cut: Use the largest safe depth. Для грубой обработки: 8 мм за проход (алюминий); for finish machining: 0.3 мм за проход.
- Проверьте и настройте: Run a small test part. If the tool wears fast, lower the speed. If the surface is rough, reduce the feed. If the part deforms, decrease the depth.
Пример: A manufacturer needs to machine 100 Алюминиевые кронштейны. They balance the elements as follows:
- Скорость резки: 400 м/мой (карбид + wet machining).
- Tool Feed: 0.3 мм/rev (грубый) → 0.1 мм/rev (заканчивать).
- Глубина разрезания: 8 мм (грубый) → 0.3 мм (заканчивать).
Результат: Each bracket takes 12 minutes to make (против. 20 minutes with unbalanced settings), and the tools last 8 часы.
5. Real-World Scenarios: Applying the Elements to Common Projects
See how the three elements work together for different CNC jobs:
Проект | Tool/Workpiece | Скорость резки (м/мой) | Tool Feed (мм/rev) | Глубина разрезания (мм) | Machining Time per Part |
Aluminum Phone Case | Carbide/Aluminum | 400 (влажный) | 0.3 (грубый) → 0.1 (заканчивать) | 5 (грубый) → 0.3 (заканчивать) | 12 минуты |
Stainless Steel Gear | Carbide/Stainless Steel | 120 (влажный) | 0.2 (грубый) → 0.08 (заканчивать) | 2 (грубый) → 0.2 (заканчивать) | 45 минуты |
HSS Drill Bit (HSS/Steel) | HSS/Carbon Steel | 30 (сухой) | 0.15 (бурение) | 10 (single pass) | 8 минуты |
Перспектива Yigu Technology
В Yigu Technology, Мы знаем овладение elements of CNC machining is key to solving users’ efficiency and quality pain points. Many clients struggle with unbalanced parameters—wasting time on slow speeds or replacing tools too often. Our solutions include a “Parameter Matching Tool” that recommends cutting speed, кормить, and depth based on tool/workpiece pairs. We also offer carbide tool bundles optimized for common materials (НАПРИМЕР., aluminum-specific carbide tools) для упрощения настройки. As CNC tech evolves, we’ll add AI-powered sensors to auto-adjust elements in real time, helping users achieve precision without manual trial-and-error.
Часто задаваемые вопросы
1. Can I use the same cutting speed for all machining operations (фрезерование, бурение, поворот)?
No—operations have different requirements. Drilling needs slower speeds than milling (drills have smaller cutting edges that overheat faster). Например: Carbide drill on aluminum = 250 м/мой (против. 400 m/min for milling with the same tool).
2. What happens if I set the tool feed too low?
A too-low feed rate wastes time (НАПРИМЕР., а 0.05 mm/rev feed on rough machining doubles the time) and can cause “rubbing” (the tool slides over the workpiece instead of cutting), which wears out the tool faster. Aim for the largest feed rate that keeps surface quality or efficiency on track.
3. Do I need to adjust depth of cut for different tool types?
Да! Конец мельницы (used for milling) can handle larger depths than drills (used for holes). A 10mm end mill on aluminum can take an 8mm depth, but a 10mm drill should only take 2–3mm per pass (drills are less rigid and prone to breaking with large depths).