Como processar protótipo de furo roscado em CNC: Um guia passo a passo

Se você é engenheiro de produto ou profissional de compras e trabalha em protótipos usinados em CNC, como suportes mecânicos, gabinetes eletrônicos, or automotive components—mastering how to process threaded hole prototype in CNC é crítico. Furos roscados são essenciais para montagem de peças, e até pequenos erros (como tamanhos de rosca incompatíveis ou superfícies ásperas) pode arruinar um protótipo. This guide breaks down the two main CNC methods for threaded holes, key technical tips, exemplos do mundo real, and data to help you get perfect results every time.

1. Visão geral: Key Methods for CNC Threaded Hole Prototype Processing

CNC machines use two primary methods to create threaded hole prototypes: tap processing method e thread milling method. The right choice depends on your prototype’s thread size, material, e necessidades de precisão. Here’s a quick comparison to help you decide upfront:

2. Passo a passo: Tap Processing Method for CNC Threaded Hole Prototypes

O tap processing method is the most common choice for small-diameter threaded holes (D < 30milímetros) in prototypes. It’s simple, econômico, and works well for materials like aluminum and mild steel. Follow these steps to avoid tap breakage and ensure thread quality.

2.1 Choose Between Rigid Tapping and Flexible Tapping

Primeiro, select the right tapping style—rigid tapping is now the industry standard for prototypes:

• Flexible Tapping: Uses a flexible chuck to absorb small speed/feed mismatches. No entanto, it’s expensive, prone to damage, and not ideal for precision prototypes (hole position accuracy ±0.15mm).
• Rigid Tapping: Uses a rigid spring chuck to lock the tap in place. It synchronizes the CNC machine’s rotation speed and feed rate perfectly, boosting precision (hole position accuracy ±0.1mm) and tap life by 30% compared to flexible tapping.

Estudo de caso: A startup making a plastic bracket prototype initially used flexible tapping. The chuck broke twice, e 20% of the threaded holes had off-center positions. Switching to rigid tapping eliminated breakage and reduced position errors to ±0.08mm—all prototypes passed assembly tests.

2.2 Determine the Correct Bottom Hole Size

The bottom hole (the pre-drilled hole before tapping) directly affects tap life and thread quality. If the hole is too small, the tap will overwork and break; if it’s too large, threads will be weak. Use this rule:

• Para metric threads (por exemplo, M5, M8), the bottom hole diameter = thread diameter – tom.

Exemplo: For an M8 thread (pitch 1.25mm), bottom hole diameter = 8mm – 1.25mm = 6.75mm.

• Always choose a drill bit close to the upper limit of the bottom hole diameter tolerance (por exemplo, for M8, use a 6.8mm drill instead of 6.7mm). This reduces the material the tap needs to cut, extending tap life by 25%.

2.3 Select the Right Tap for Your Material

Using the wrong tap causes thread defects (like stripped threads) or tap breakage. Match the tap to your prototype’s material:

2.4 Simplify Programming with CNC Subprograms

Modern CNC systems (like Fanuc or Siemens) have pre-built tapping subprograms—no need to write complex code from scratch. Here’s how to use them:

1. Call the tapping subprogram (por exemplo, G84 for Fanuc, CYCL DEF 81 for Siemens).
2. Input key parameters:

• Thread diameter (por exemplo, 8mm for M8).
• Tom (por exemplo, 1.25mm for M8).
• Bottom hole depth (add 1-2x the pitch to ensure full threads at the bottom).

3. Double-check the subprogram format—different CNC systems use slightly different syntax (por exemplo, Fanuc uses G84 X_Y_Z_R_F_, while Siemens uses different parameter numbers).

3. Passo a passo: Thread Milling Method for CNC Threaded Hole Prototypes

O thread milling method is ideal for large-diameter threaded holes (D ≥ 10mm) or prototypes made from hard-to-machine materials (like stainless steel or titanium). It’s faster than tapping for big holes and lets you use one cutter for multiple thread sizes.

3.1 Understand the Advantages for Prototypes

Why choose thread milling for your prototype?

• Versatilidade: One thread milling cutter can process internal/external threads, left/right-hand threads, and multiple thread sizes (por exemplo, M10, M12) by adjusting the CNC program.
• Velocidade: For large holes (D ≥ 20mm), thread milling is 2x faster than tapping—critical if you need to test multiple prototype iterations quickly.
• Reduced Breakage: Thread milling cutters are more durable than taps; they rarely break, even in hard materials like Inconel.

3.2 Ensure Path Safety for Clean Threads

Thread milling cutters need smooth entry and exit paths to avoid damaging the prototype or the tool. Follow these rules:

• Entry/Exit Trajectory: Use a 1/2-turn arc (180°) when the cutter enters or exits the hole. This ensures the first and last threads are full and smooth.
• Z-Axis Movement: Move the Z-axis (vertical axis) por 1/2 the thread pitch during entry/exit. Por exemplo, if the pitch is 1.5mm, move the Z-axis 0.75mm—this aligns the cutter with the thread helix.

Exemplo: A manufacturer making a stainless steel valve prototype used a straight entry path for thread milling. The first thread was incomplete, causing leaks during testing. After switching to a 1/2-turn arc entry and 0.75mm Z-movement (for M12, 1.75passo mm), the threads were perfect, and the valve sealed properly.

3.3 Tool Selection for Thread Milling

Choose a thread milling cutter based on your prototype’s material and thread size:

• Material: Use carbide thread mills for hard materials (aço inoxidável, titânio) and HSS thread mills for soft materials (alumínio, latão).
• Size: The cutter diameter should be 0.5-0.8x the thread diameter. Por exemplo, for an M16 thread (16mm de diâmetro), use an 8-12mm thread mill—this balances cutting speed and stability.

4. Special Case: Picking and Fastening for Small-Batch Prototypes

If you don’t have the right tap or thread mill (por exemplo, for a custom pitch like 1.1mm), use the picking and fastening method. This involves mounting a thread turning tool on a boring bar to cut threads manually (with CNC guidance).

• Melhor para: Small-batch prototypes (1-5 peças) or special-thread holes (no standard tap/mill available).
• Key Tip: Go slow—feed the tool at 5-10mm/min to avoid thread irregularities.
• Limitation: Low efficiency—takes 3x longer than tapping or thread milling. Use this only as a last resort.

Yigu Technology’s View on Processing CNC Threaded Hole Prototypes

Na tecnologia Yigu, we’ve helped 250+ clients optimize how to process threaded hole prototype in CNC. We believe the biggest mistake teams make is choosing the wrong method—e.g., using tapping for large stainless steel holes (leading to tap breakage). Our solution: A free method-matching tool that asks about your prototype’s thread size, material, and batch size to recommend tap processing or thread milling. We also provide pre-tested CNC programs for common thread sizes (M5-M20), cutting setup time by 40% and ensuring 99% of prototypes have perfect threads.

Perguntas frequentes

1. How long does it take to process a threaded hole prototype in CNC?

It depends on the method and size: A small tapped hole (M8) takes 1-2 minutes per hole. A large milled hole (M20) takes 3-5 minutes per hole. Small-batch picking/fastening takes 5-8 minutes per hole.

2. Can I use thread milling for small holes (D < 10milímetros)?

It’s not recommended. Thread milling cutters for small holes (D < 10milímetros) are fragile and hard to align, leading to thread errors. Use tapping for small holes— it’s more reliable and cost-effective.

3. What’s the most common mistake when processing CNC threaded hole prototypes?

Using the wrong bottom hole size for tapping. If the hole is too small, the tap breaks; if it’s too large, threads are weak. Always calculate the bottom hole size as (thread diameter – tom) and use a drill bit at the upper tolerance limit.