Aço EN24 Estrutural: Propriedades, Usos, e insights de especialistas

If you’re working on high-stress projects—like heavy machinery or automotive transmissions—EN24 structural steel is a name you need to know. Este aço-liga se destaca por sua excepcional resistência e tenacidade, mas como ele funciona em cenários do mundo real? Este guia detalha tudo, desde a composição química até o custo, so you can decide if it’s right for your next project.

1. Material Properties of EN24 Structural Steel

EN24’s performance starts with its carefully balanced properties. Let’s dive into the details that make it a top choice for high-demand applications.

1.1 Composição Química

O composição química of EN24 is what gives it its strength. Below is a standard range (para EN 10083-3):

1.2 Propriedades Físicas

EN24’s propriedades físicas make it suitable for extreme conditions:

• Densidade: 7.85 g/cm³ (same as most structural steels)
• Ponto de fusão: 1420 – 1460°C
• Condutividade térmica: 44 C/(m·K) a 20ºC (lower than carbon steel, so it heats slowly)
• Specific heat capacity: 465 J/(kg·K)
• Coefficient of thermal expansion: 13.0 × 10⁻⁶/°C (20 – 100°C, stable for precision parts)

1.3 Propriedades Mecânicas

These are the traits that matter most for high-stress applications:

• Resistência à tracção: 800 – 1000 MPa (after quenching and tempering)
• Força de rendimento: ≥ 600 MPa
• Alongamento: ≥ 12% (enough flexibility for forming without breaking)
• Dureza: 240 – 300 HB (Brinell scale, can be increased with heat treatment)
• Resistência ao impacto: ≥ 50 J at -40°C (excellent for cold environments)
• Fatigue resistance: ~400 MPa (handles repeated loads, like engine shafts)
• Hardening and tempering effects: Têmpera (rapid cooling) followed by tempering (heating to 500 – 600°C) increases strength while keeping toughness—critical for gears and axles.

1.4 Outras propriedades

• Resistência à corrosão: Moderado (needs coatings like chrome plating or oiling for outdoor use)
• Weldability: Justo (requires preheating to 200 – 300°C to prevent cracks; post-weld heat treatment is recommended)
• Usinabilidade: Bom (best when annealed to reduce hardness)
• Magnetic properties: Ferromagnético (works with magnetic inspection tools)
• Ductilidade: Moderado (can be bent but not as easily as low-carbon steel)
• Toughness: Alto (resists breaking under sudden impacts, like a car hitting a pothole)

2. Applications of EN24 Structural Steel

EN24’s strength and toughness make it ideal for parts that face heavy loads or shocks. Aqui estão seus usos mais comuns:

• Mechanical engineering:
• Engrenagens: Used in industrial gearboxes (por exemplo, for conveyor systems) because of its wear resistance. A German manufacturer uses EN24 for its 10-ton gearboxes, which last 50% longer than those made with carbon steel.
• Eixos: Powers pumps and turbines—EN24’s fatigue resistance prevents cracking from constant rotation.
• Axles: Supports heavy machinery (por exemplo, forklifts) thanks to its high yield strength.
• Indústria automotiva:
• Transmission components: Gear sets and drive shafts in trucks and SUVs. Um EUA. truck brand uses EN24 for its transmission shafts, which handle 300+ horsepower without failing.
• Suspension parts: Shock absorber mounts—EN24’s impact resistance stands up to rough roads.
• Máquinas industriais:
• Rolamentos: Used in large electric motors (por exemplo, for factories) because of its hardness.
• Rollers: For steel mills—EN24 resists wear from hot metal sheets.
• Construção:
• Componentes estruturais: Heavy-duty beams in industrial buildings (por exemplo, warehouses with overhead cranes).
• Beams and columns: In bridges that carry heavy trucks—EN24’s tensile strength supports 10+ ton loads.
• Construção naval:
• Componentes do casco: For small cargo ships—EN24’s toughness resists waves and collisions.
• Railway industry:
• Rodas: For freight trains—EN24’s wear resistance reduces maintenance costs.
• Axles: Supports train cars (por exemplo, coal carriers) thanks to its high strength.

3. Manufacturing Techniques for EN24 Structural Steel

Turning EN24 into usable parts requires precise processes. Here’s how it’s made:

3.1 Rolling Processes

• Hot rolling: The main method. Steel is heated to 1150 – 1250°C and pressed into shapes (bares, pratos, forgings). Hot-rolled EN24 has a rough surface but high strength.
• Cold rolling: Rarely used for EN24 (since it’s often heat-treated later), but done for thin sheets that need a smooth finish.

3.2 Tratamento térmico

Heat treatment is critical for EN24’s performance:

• Recozimento: Heated to 820 – 850°C, held, então esfriou lentamente. Reduces hardness for easier machining.
• Normalizing: Heated to 850 – 900°C, cooled in air. Improves uniformity in large parts.
• Quenching and tempering: The most important step. Steel is heated to 830 – 860°C (quenched in oil), then tempered at 500 – 600°C. This creates a balance of strength and toughness.

3.3 Fabrication Methods

• Corte: Usos corte a plasma (for thick plates) ou oxy-fuel cutting (for bars). EN24’s high carbon content means slower cutting than low-carbon steel.
• Welding techniques: Arc welding (most common) e soldagem a laser (for precision parts). Preheating is a must—skip it, and you’ll get cracks.
• Bending and forming: Done when the steel is annealed (softened). EN24 can be bent into simple shapes (por exemplo, colchetes) but not complex curves.

3.4 Controle de qualidade

• Métodos de inspeção:
• Ultrasonic testing: Checks for internal defects (por exemplo, buracos) in forgings.
• Magnetic particle inspection: Finds surface cracks (por exemplo, in gears).
• Certification standards: Must meet ISO 683-3 (alloy steels for quenching and tempering) e EN 10204 (material certification) to ensure quality.

4. Estudos de caso: EN24 in Action

4.1 Engenharia Mecânica: A Wind Turbine Shaft

A Danish wind energy company used EN24 for its 2.5 MW turbine shafts. The shafts face constant rotation (1500 RPM) and wind loads. Depois 5 anos, tests showed no signs of fatigue—EN24’s fatigue resistance kept the shafts running. Without EN24, the company would have had to replace shafts every 2 anos.

4.2 Automotivo: A Truck Transmission

A Japanese truck manufacturer switched to EN24 for its transmission gear sets. Previously, they used carbon steel, which failed after 100,000 milhas. EN24 gears now last 200,000+ milhas, reduzindo custos de manutenção por 40%. A chave? EN24’s wear resistance and toughness.

5. Comparative Analysis: EN24 vs. Outros materiais

How does EN24 stack up to other options? Let’s compare:

5.1 contra. Other Types of Steel

5.2 contra. Non-Metallic Materials

• Concreto: EN24 is 10x stronger in tension and 3x lighter. But concrete is cheaper for foundations. Por exemplo, a bridge uses concrete for its base and EN24 for its load-bearing beams.
• Materiais compósitos (por exemplo, fibra de carbono): Composites are lighter but 2x more expensive. EN24 is better for parts that need high strength at a lower cost (por exemplo, caixas de velocidades).

5.3 contra. Other Metallic Materials

• Ligas de alumínio: Aluminum is lighter but has lower tensile strength (200 – 300 MPa). EN24 is better for heavy loads (por exemplo, truck axles).
• Aço inoxidável: Stainless steel resists corrosion but costs 3x more. EN24 is a better choice for indoor parts (por exemplo, caixas de velocidades) or parts that can be coated.

5.4 Custo & Environmental Impact

• Cost analysis: EN24’s material cost is higher than carbon steel, but its longer lifespan (50%+ em muitos casos) makes it cheaper over time. Fabrication cost is also higher (due to preheating for welding), but this is offset by fewer replacements.
• Environmental impact: EN24 is 100% reciclável (salva 75% energy vs. making new steel). Its production uses more energy than carbon steel but less than stainless steel.

6. Yigu Technology’s View on EN24 Structural Steel

Na tecnologia Yigu, we recommend EN24 for high-stress applications where durability is key. Isso é excellent tensile strength e resistência à fadiga make it perfect for mechanical parts like gears and shafts. We often pair EN24 with our anti-wear coatings to extend its lifespan by 30%+. While EN24’s fabrication cost is higher, its long-term reliability saves clients money. For projects that can’t afford failure—like industrial gearboxes or truck transmissions—EN24 is the smart choice.

FAQ About EN24 Structural Steel

1. Can EN24 be welded without preheating?

No—preheating to 200 – 300°C is required. EN24’s high carbon and alloy content makes it prone to cracking if welded cold. Post-weld heat treatment (por exemplo, recozimento) is also recommended to reduce stress.

2. Is EN24 suitable for outdoor use?

It depends. EN24’s resistência à corrosão is moderate—uncoated, it will rust in wet or salty environments. Para uso externo, add a coating (por exemplo, chrome plating or epoxy paint) to protect it.

3. How does EN24 compare to EN19?

EN24 is stronger (resistência à tracção: 800 – 1000 MPa versus. EN19’s 620 – 780 MPa) and has better impact resistance. But EN19 is cheaper and easier to weld. Choose EN24 for high-stress parts (por exemplo, eixos de turbina) and EN19 for lighter loads (por exemplo, small beams).