Se você trabalha em vasos de pressão, caldeiras, ou tanques de armazenamento na Europa ou projetos globais que sigam as normas EN - necessitando de um custo-benefício, code-compliant carbon steel—EN P235GH pressure vessel steel is your go-to solution. Como um aço carbono normalizado na EN 10028-2 padrão, isso é 235 A resistência ao escoamento mínimo MPa equilibra a resistência, soldabilidade, e acessibilidade, making it ideal for low-to-medium pressure applications. Este guia detalha suas principais propriedades, usos no mundo real, processo de fabricação, and material comparisons, helping you solve equipment design and safety challenges in EN-compliant projects.
1. Material Properties of EN P235GH Pressure Vessel Steel
EN P235GH’s performance comes from its simple, well-controlled carbon-manganese composition and mandatory normalization—engineered to ensure consistency for pressure service. Let’s explore its properties in detail.
1.1 Composição Química
EN P235GH adheres strictly to EN 10028-2, with elements tailored to avoid brittleness and ensure compatibility with European manufacturing processes. Below is its typical composition (for plates ≤ 40 mm thick):
| Element | Symbol | Content Range (%) | Key Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | C | ≤ 0.20 | Enhances strength; kept low to preservesoldabilidade (critical for joining vessel sections) |
| Manganese (Mn) | Mn | 0.80 – 1.40 | Primary strengthener; aumentaresistência à tracção without sacrificingductilidade |
| Silicon (E) | E | 0.10 – 0.35 | Aids deoxidation during steelmaking; supports stability at medium temperatures (até 400 °C) |
| Phosphorus (P) | P | ≤ 0.025 | Minimized to prevent brittle fracture in cold or cyclic pressure conditions |
| Sulfur (S) | S | ≤ 0.015 | Strictly controlled to avoid weld defects (por exemplo, porosidade) and corrosion in wet industrial settings |
| Chromium (Cr) | Cr | ≤ 0.30 | Trace element; no significant impact on standard performance |
| Níquel (Em) | Em | ≤ 0.30 | Trace element; enhances low-temperatureimpact toughness (for Northern European projects) |
| Vanadium (V) | V | ≤ 0.02 | Trace element; refines grain structure for uniform strength |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | Mo | ≤ 0.10 | Trace element; slightly improves high-temperature creep resistance (for small boilers) |
| Cobre (Cu) | Cu | ≤ 0.30 | Trace element; adds mild atmospheric corrosion resistance for outdoor tanks |
1.2 Propriedades Físicas
These traits make EN P235GH suitable for European industrial environments:
- Densidade: 7.85 g/cm³ (consistent with carbon steels)—simplifies weight calculations for large vessels (por exemplo, 10-meter diameter storage tanks)
- Melting Point: 1,420 – 1,460 °C (2,588 – 2,660 °F)—compatible with standard European welding processes (MIG, TIG, SAW)
- Condutividade Térmica: 45.0 C/(m·K) at 20 °C—ensures even heat distribution in boilers, reducing thermal stress in cyclic use
- Coeficiente de Expansão Térmica: 11.7 × 10⁻⁶/°C (20 – 100 °C)—minimizes expansion/contraction damage in temperature swings (por exemplo, -10 °C to 30 °C in Western Europe)
- Propriedades Magnéticas: Ferromagnetic—enables non-destructive testing (NDT) like magnetic particle inspection to detect hidden weld defects.
1.3 Propriedades Mecânicas
EN P235GH’s normalization process ensures consistent mechanical performance per EN 10028-2. Below are typical values:
| Propriedade | Measurement Method | Valor típico | EN Standard Minimum Requirement |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dureza (Rockwell) | HRB | 65 – 80 HRB | N / D (controlled to avoid brittleness) |
| Dureza (Vickers) | HV | 130 – 160 HV | N / D |
| Tensile Strength | MPa | 360 – 480 MPa | 360 MPa |
| Yield Strength | MPa | 235 – 310 MPa | 235 MPa |
| Alongamento | % (em 50 milímetros) | 26 – 32% | 24% |
| Impact Toughness | J. (at 0 °C) | ≥ 35 J. | ≥ 27 J. (for general service) |
| Fatigue Limit | MPa (rotating beam) | 160 – 200 MPa | N / D (tested per project pressure cycles) |
1.4 Other Properties
EN P235GH’s traits solve key challenges for EN-compliant projects:
- Weldability: Excellent—even novice welders can join it without preheating (saves time on-site, critical for European construction timelines)
- Formabilidade: Good—can be bent into curved vessel walls (common in boilers and storage tanks) without losing structural integrity
- Resistência à corrosão: Moderate—resists water and mild chemicals; for harsh environments (por exemplo, coastal Europe), add epoxy coatings or zinc plating
- Ductilidade: High—absorbs sudden pressure spikes (por exemplo, in small chemical reactors) without fracturing, a key safety feature
- Toughness: Reliable—maintains strength at 0 °C, suitable for cold regions like Germany, Sweden, or the UK in winter.
2. Applications of EN P235GH Pressure Vessel Steel
EN P235GH’s versatility and EN compliance make it a top choice for European industrial equipment. Here are its key uses:
- Pressure Vessels: Small-to-medium pressure vessels (≤ 6,000 psi) like chemical reactors and gas cylinders—compliant with EN 13445 (European pressure vessel standard).
- Storage Tanks: Industrial oil, água, and chemical storage tanks—its conformabilidade allows for seamless curved walls, and its low cost fits budget projects.
- Boilers: Small industrial boilers and domestic heating boilers—tolerates temperatures up to 400 °C, perfect for European residential and light industrial use.
- Petrochemical Plants: Low-pressure process equipment like small distillation columns and heat exchangers—resists mild chemical corrosion and cyclic temperatures.
- Industrial Equipment: Hydraulic reservoirs, compressor housings, and low-pressure piping—used in manufacturing across Europe for reliable containment.
- Construction and Infrastructure: Municipal water pressure tanks and wastewater treatment reactors—affordable for public projects in EU countries.
3. Manufacturing Techniques for EN P235GH Pressure Vessel Steel
Producing EN P235GH requires strict compliance with EN 10028-2, especially normalization. Here’s the step-by-step process:
- Steelmaking:
- EN P235GH is made using an Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) (aligns with EU sustainability goals, recycling scrap steel) ou Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF). Workers control carbon (≤ 0.20%) and manganese (0.80–1.40%) to meet EN rules.
- Rolling:
- The steel is Hot Rolled (1,100 – 1,200 °C) into plates of varying thicknesses (6 mm to 100+ milímetros). Hot rolling refines the grain structure, preparing it for normalization.
- Tratamento térmico (Mandatory Normalization):
- Plates are heated to 890 – 950 °C, held for 30–60 minutes (based on thickness), then air-cooled. This process uniformizes the microstructure, aumenta impact toughness, and reduces residual stress from rolling—critical for EN compliance.
- Usinagem & Acabamento:
- Plates are cut with plasma or laser tools to fit vessel sizes. Workers drill holes for nozzles and manholes, then grind edges smooth for tight welds (no leaks allowed, para EN 13445).
- Tratamento de superfície:
- Revestimento: To protect against European environmental conditions:
- Epoxy Liners: For chemical tanks—resists acids and alkalis for 15+ years, compliant with EU REACH regulations.
- Zinc Plating: For coastal projects (por exemplo, France, Spain)—stops saltwater corrosion from oceans.
- CRA Cladding: For sour gas equipment—adds a thin stainless steel layer (por exemplo, 304L) to prevent sulfide stress cracking.
- Painting: For boilers and outdoor tanks—uses EU-approved, low-VOC paint to meet environmental standards.
- Revestimento: To protect against European environmental conditions:
- Controle de qualidade:
- Chemical Analysis: Use spectrometry (para EN 10028-2) to verify element levels.
- Mechanical Testing: Tensile, impacto (at 0 °C), and hardness tests on every heat of steel (EM 10028-2 requirements).
- NDT: Ultrasonic testing (100% of plate area) finds internal defects; radiographic testing checks all welds (para EN 13445).
- Hydrostatic Testing: Finished vessels are filled with water and pressed to 1.5× their design pressure for 30–60 minutes—no leaks mean they pass EU safety standards.
4. Case Studies: EN P235GH in Action
Real European projects show EN P235GH’s reliability.
Estudo de caso 1: Municipal Water Tank (Germany)
A city in Bavaria needed a 12-meter diameter water pressure tank for its public supply system. They chose EN P235GH plates (10 mm thick, normalized) for itssoldabilidade and low cost. Workers fabricated the tank on-site in 3 weeks, compliant with EN 13445. After 7 years, the tank has no corrosion (thanks to zinc plating) and has never leaked—saving the city €50,000 vs. using stainless steel.
Estudo de caso 2: Small Industrial Boiler (Italy)
A food processing plant in Tuscany needed a boiler to generate steam for pasta production. They used EN P235GH plates (8 mm thick) for the boiler shell, which operates at 350 °C and 3,000 psi. The boiler meets EU CE marking requirements and has run for 5 years with zero maintenance—itsresistência handles daily startup/shutdown cycles without stress damage.
5. EN P235GH vs. Outros materiais
How does EN P235GH compare to other pressure vessel steels, especially EN and ASME grades?
| Material | Similarities to EN P235GH | Principais diferenças | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grau SA516 60 | Carbon steel for pressure vessels | ASME standard (U.S.); higher yield strength (414 MPa); pricier | Global projects needing ASME compliance |
| Grau SA516 70 | ASME carbon steel | Higher yield strength (483 MPa); better low-temp toughness | Cold-climate global projects |
| EN P265GH | EM 10028-2 carbon steel | Higher yield strength (265 MPa); better high-temp performance | Medium-pressure boilers in Europe |
| SA533 Grau B | Pressure vessel use | Nickel-alloyed; better cryogenic toughness; 2× more expensive | Cold-region projects (por exemplo, Sweden, Norway) |
| 304 Aço inoxidável | Pressure containment | Excellent corrosion resistance; 3× more expensive | Coastal or high-chemical projects (por exemplo, Netherlands) |
| Plastic (HDPE) | Low-pressure use | Corrosion-proof; fraco; cheap | Small residential water tanks (≤ 100 psi) |
Yigu Technology’s Perspective on EN P235GH
Na tecnologia Yigu, EN P235GH is our top recommendation for EN-compliant, low-to-medium pressure projects. Its mandatory normalization ensures consistency, critical for EU safety standards like EN 13445. We supply custom-thickness plates (6–100 mm) with REACH-approved coatings—tailored to European needs (por exemplo, zinc plating for coastal France, low-VOC paint for Germany). For clients transitioning from ASME to EN standards, EN P235GH offers cost savings vs. SA516 grades while meeting EU requirements, making it a versatile choice for European and global EN-aligned projects.
FAQ About EN P235GH Pressure Vessel Steel
- Can EN P235GH be used for high-pressure projects (> 6,000 psi) in Europe?
No—its maximum safe pressure is ~6,000 psi. For higher pressures (por exemplo, 10,000 psi), choose EN P265GH (higher yield strength) or SA516 Grade 70 (ASME-compliant). Always follow EN 13445 pressure calculations for your specific project. - Is EN P235GH suitable for cold regions like Sweden or Norway (-10 °C to -20 °C)?
Yes—with adjustments. Use normalized plates and post-weld heat treatment to boost low-temperature toughness. For long-term service below -10 °C, add a thin nickel-alloy cladding (por exemplo, 304L) to prevent brittleness. - Does EN P235GH meet EU CE marking requirements?
Yes—if produced to EN 10028-2 and tested per EN 13445. Our EN P235GH plates come with CE certification, including material traceability and test reports, so you can easily comply with EU construction regulations.