Processo de usinagem de torneamento CNC: Um guia completo para fabricação de precisão

Na produção industrial, why do automotive and aerospace industries rely on Torneamento CNC for cylindrical parts like engine shafts or fuel nozzles? The answer lies in the CNC turning machining process—a computer-controlled method that transforms raw metal bars into high-precision, componentes uniformes com erro humano mínimo. Ao contrário do torneamento manual, que depende da habilidade do operador, CNC turning ensures consistent quality across high-volume runs while handling complex geometries. Este artigo detalha o 6 core stages of the process, parâmetros principais, seleção de ferramentas, controle de qualidade, e aplicações do mundo real, helping you master every step for efficient, accurate part production.

What Is the CNC Turning Machining Process?

Processo de usinagem de torneamento CNC is an additive-subtractive manufacturing method that uses Computer Numerical Control (CNC) systems to rotate a workpiece while a cutting tool shapes it into cylindrical or conical forms. The process removes excess material from the workpiece (typically metal bars, 5–100mm in diameter) to create features like outer circles, end faces, ranhuras, tópicos, ou cones.

Think of it as a “digital lathe operator”: it follows pre-programmed G-code and M-code to control tool movement, velocidade do fuso, and feed rate—executing repetitive tasks with micron-level accuracy (up to ±0.01mm) e 24/7 consistência. It’s ideal for producing rotational parts, from small electronic connectors to large industrial shafts.

6 Core Stages of the CNC Turning Machining Process

The process follows a linear, error-proof workflow—each stage builds on the last to ensure part quality. Below is a detailed breakdown of each step, with actionable tips and common pitfalls to avoid:

1. Process Analysis (The Foundation of Success)

Process analysis is the first and most critical step—it defines how the part will be machined. Key tasks include:

• Part Drawing Interpretation: Extract critical details from 2D/3D drawings:
• Dimensional requirements (por exemplo, diâmetro externo: 20±0,02mm, comprimento: 100milímetros).
• Surface finish standards (por exemplo, Rá < 1.6μm for visible areas).
• Material type (por exemplo, liga de alumínio 6061, aço inoxidável 304).
• Machining Content Selection: Decide which features to machine (por exemplo, buracos, tópicos, ranhuras) and their order—follow the “from rough to fine” principle (roughing removes 80–90% of excess material first; finishing refines precision).
• Sequence Optimization: Avoid repositioning the workpiece unnecessarily. Por exemplo:

1. Machine the outer circle → 2. Drill the center hole → 3. Cut threads → 4. Finish the end face.

Pitfall to Avoid: Skipping process analysis leads to tool collisions or out-of-tolerance parts. Por exemplo, machining threads before drilling a center hole can cause the workpiece to vibrate, ruining thread accuracy.

2. Seleção de ferramentas (Match Tools to Material & Características)

The right tool directly impacts machining efficiency and surface quality. Use this table to select tools based on material and feature type:

Exemplo: Machining M8×1.25 threads on a stainless steel 304 shaft → Choose a 16IR 1.25 ISO threading insert with TiAlN coating (resists wear from stainless steel’s high hardness).

3. Cutting Parameter Setting (Balance Speed, Alimentar, & Profundidade)

Cutting parameters (velocidade, taxa de alimentação, depth of cut) determine how fast and accurately the part is machined. Below are optimized parameters for common materials:

Formula Tip: Calculate spindle speed (N, rpm) using N = (1000 × Vc) / (π × D), where D = workpiece diameter (milímetros). Por exemplo, a 20mm aluminum shaft at Vc=180 m/min → N = (1000×180)/(3.14×20) ≈ 2866 rpm.

4. Programação CNC (Translate Design to Machine Code)

Programming converts process analysis results into code the CNC machine understands. Key codes and a sample program for a simple shaft are shown below:

Sample Program for a 20mm×100mm Aluminum Shaft:

O0001 (Program Number)G21 G99 G97 (Metric units, feed per rev, constant speed)T0101 (Tool 01: External turning; Offset 01)M03 S2800 (Spindle on CW, 2800 rpm)M08 (Coolant on)G00 X25 Z2 (Rapid to start position)G71 U2 R1 (Roughing cycle: depth 2mm, retract 1mm)G71 P10 Q20 U0.2 W0.1 F0.2 (Finish allowance: X0.2mm, Z0.1mm; feed 0.2mm/rev)N10 G00 X18 Z2 (Start of roughing contour)G01 X20 Z0 F0.15 (Cut to Z0)Z-100 (Cut to length 100mm)N20 G01 X25 Z-100 (End of roughing contour)G70 P10 Q20 (Finishing cycle)G00 X100 Z100 (Rapid to safe position)M05 (Spindle off)M09 (Coolant off)M30 (Program end)

Key Tip: Use simulation software (por exemplo, Mastercam, Fusão 360) to test programs before physical machining—this avoids tool collisions and overcuts.

5. Workpiece Clamping & Posicionamento (Ensure Stability)

Proper clamping prevents workpiece vibration (a major cause of poor surface finish). Follow these guidelines:

• Chuck Selection:
• Three-jaw chucks for round workpieces (self-centering, fast setup).
• Four-jaw chucks for irregular shapes (adjustable jaws for precise centering).
• Tailstock Support: For long workpieces (length > 5× diameter), use a tailstock center to reduce bending. Por exemplo, a 100mm-long, 20mm-diameter shaft needs tailstock support to avoid vibration during roughing.
• Runout Check: Use a dial indicator to measure radial runout (should be < 0.01milímetros). Excess runout (por exemplo, 0.05milímetros) causes uneven cutting, leading to out-of-tolerance diameters.

6. Test Cut Inspection & Parameter Adjustment (Validate Before Mass Production)

Never skip test cuts—they let you correct errors before wasting materials. The process includes:

1. Test Cut Execution: Machine 1–2 sample parts using the programmed parameters.
2. Inspeção Dimensional:

• Use calipers for outer diameters/lengths (accuracy ±0.02mm).
• Use a micrometer for precise measurements (por exemplo, thread pitch, groove width—accuracy ±0.001mm).
• Use a surface roughness tester to check Ra values (ensure they meet drawing requirements).

3. Parameter Adjustment:

• If surface finish is rough (Ra > 3.2μm): Reduce feed rate by 20% or increase cutting speed.
• If diameter is too small (por exemplo, 19.98mm instead of 20mm): Increase the X-axis offset by 0.02mm.

Exemplo: A test cut aluminum shaft has a diameter of 19.95mm (alvo: 20±0,02mm). Adjust the X-offset by +0.05mm—subsequent parts will meet the target dimension.

Real-World Case: Machining Aluminum Alloy 6061 Eixos

• Problema: An automotive supplier needs 10,000 aluminum shafts (20mm×100mm) com:
• Outer diameter: 20±0,02mm.
• Acabamento de superfície: Rá < 1.6μm.
• Production time: < 2 minutos por parte.
• CNC Solution:

1. Process Analysis: Roughing (ap=3mm) → Drilling (center hole, φ3mm) → Finishing (ap=0.2mm) → Deburring.
2. Ferramentas: T01 (CCMT 09T304 carbide insert), T02 (φ3mm twist drill).
3. Parameters: Vc=180 m/min, f=0.2mm/rev, N=2866 rpm.
4. Program: Use G71 roughing + G70 finishing cycles (reduces program length by 50%).

• Resultado:
• Precisão dimensional: 99.8% of parts meet 20±0.02mm.
• Production time: 1.8 minutos por parte (meets target).
• Tool life: Carbide inserts last 500 peças (reduces tool change time by 80%).

Yigu Technology’s Perspective

Na tecnologia Yigu, we see the CNC turning machining process as the backbone of precision cylindrical part production. Our CNC lathes (YG-T200) are optimized for this process: they have high-speed spindles (até 6,000 rpm) for aluminum machining, smart tool offset systems (auto-corrects dimensional errors by ±0.005mm), and integrated coolant recycling (reduz o desperdício em 30%). We’ve helped automotive clients cut production time by 35% and aerospace firms achieve ±0.008mm accuracy for critical parts. As Industry 4.0 advances, we’re adding AI-driven parameter optimization—our software now auto-suggests cutting speeds/feeds based on material, reducing operator skill requirements and ensuring consistent quality.

Perguntas frequentes

1. P: What’s the difference between rough turning and finish turning in the CNC turning process?

UM: Rough turning removes most excess material (80–90%) at high feed rates (0.15–0.3mm/rev) and large depths of cut (2–5 mm)—prioritizes speed over surface finish. Finish turning uses small depths (0.1–0.5mm) and slow feeds (0.05–0.15mm/rev)—prioritizes precision (±0,01 mm) and smooth surfaces (Rá < 1.6μm).

2. P: How to avoid tool breakage during CNC turning of hard materials like stainless steel?

UM: Use these tips: 1) Choose TiAlN-coated carbide tools (resistir ao desgaste); 2) Reduce depth of cut (1–3mm for roughing); 3) Increase coolant flow (cools tool and workpiece); 4) Avoid interrupted cuts (por exemplo, machining grooves in hard spots).

3. P: Can CNC turning machine non-metallic materials like plastic or wood?

UM: Sim! Para plásticos (por exemplo, POM, ABS), use high-speed steel (HSS) ferramentas (prevents melting) and low cutting speeds (50–80 m/min). Para madeira, use specialized woodturning tools (por exemplo, carbide-tipped scrapers) and high feeds (0.3–0.5mm/rev)—CNC turning produces smooth wooden parts like handles or decorative spindles.