Aço inoxidável AISI 310S: Um guia completo para propriedades, Fabricação & Usos

O aço inoxidável AISI 310S é uma liga austenítica de baixo carbono construída para temperaturas extremamente altas e ambientes corrosivos severos. Como um310S low-carbon grade, evita a corrosão intergranular e ao mesmo tempo oferece resistência ao calor incomparável - tornando-o a melhor escolha para fornos, plantas petroquímicas, e geração de energia. Este guia detalha tudo o que você precisa saber, from its core specs to real-world applications, to help you make informed material decisions.

1. Material Overview & Key Specifications

Understanding AISI 310S’s composition and standards is the foundation of using it effectively. Below is a clear breakdown of its essential properties.

Composição Química & Padrões

OAISI 310S composition is defined by high chromium (24–26%) e níquel (19–22%) content—these elements create a protective oxide layer that boosts heat and corrosion resistance. It has a low carbon content (≤0.08%), which prevents sensitization. There’s no single310S chemical formula; instead, it adheres to global standards:

• 310S UNS S31008 (Unified Numbering System)
• 310S ASTM A240 / 310S ASME SA-240 (for plates, folhas, and strips)
• 310S EN 1.4845 equivalente (European standard for matching performance)

Physical & Propriedades Mecânicas

AISI 310S delivers reliable strength and stability even at high temperatures. Key metrics are organized in the table below:

A German furnace manufacturer uses310S ASTM A240 plates for furnace muffles—they rely on the 520 MPa tensile strength to withstand 1050 °C heat without warping.

2. High-Temperature Properties & Oxidation Resistance

AISI 310S’s greatest strength is its performance under extreme heat. It outperforms most stainless steels in long-term high-temperature service.

Critical High-Temperature Traits

• Oxidation Resistance: It resists rust and scaling up to 1100 °C-310S oxidation resistance up to 1100 °C makes it ideal for radiant tubes and burner tips. Even in repeated heating/cooling cycles, 310S cyclic oxidation performance remains strong (no peeling of the oxide layer).
• Service Limits: O 310S continuous service limit é 1040 °C (for non-stop use), e o 310S intermittent service limit (short heat bursts) é 1150 °C—higher than most austenitic alloys.
• Creep Strength: O 310S 1000-hour creep strength is ~65 MPa at 850 °C, meaning it won’t deform easily under long-term stress. For shorter tasks, 310S short-time tensile at 1000 °C is ~120 MPa.
• Thermal Shock Resistance: 310S thermal shock resistance is excellent—it handles rapid temperature changes (por exemplo, de 1000 °C to room temperature) sem rachar.

A case study: Um EUA. petrochemical plant installed310S petrochemical reformer tubes (operating at 950 °C). Depois 12 anos, the tubes showed no oxidation or creep, saving the plant $180,000 in replacement costs.

3. Resistência à corrosão & Environmental Performance

AISI 310S’s high chromium-nickel content makes it resistant to a wide range of corrosive environments—beyond just high heat.

Key Corrosion-Resistant Traits

• High-Temperature Corrosion: It resists 310S sulfidation resistance (common in refineries with sulfur-rich gases), 310S carburization resistance (in carbon-rich furnace atmospheres), e 310S nitridation resistance (in ammonia plants).
• General Corrosion: It handles 310S corrosion in hydrogen atmospheres (ideal for reformers) e 310S oxidation in humid air (no rust in coastal or industrial areas).
• 310S vs 309S corrosion comparison: 310S has higher nickel (19–22% vs. 309S’s 12–15%), so it resists higher temperatures and harsher chemicals. 309S is more cost-effective for 1000 °C and below, but 310S is better for extreme conditions.
• Intergranular Corrosion: As a low-carbon alloy, it offers 310S intergranular corrosion prevention—no sensitization even after welding, unlike high-carbon 310.

A Saudi Arabian refinery switched from 309S to 310S for heat exchanger tubes—310S sulfidation resistance eliminated tube leaks, cutting maintenance downtime by 70%.

4. Tratamento térmico & Microstructure Control

Proper heat treatment ensures AISI 310S maintains its strength, resistência à corrosão, and microstructure stability.

Essential Heat Treatment Processes

• Solution Annealing: Aqueça até 1040–1100 °C, hold for 30–60 minutes, then water-quench. This dissolves unwanted carbides and restores a uniform austenitic structure—critical for 310S carbide precipitation avoidance.
• Hot Working: Usar 1150–900 °C como o 310S hot working range for forging or rolling. This keeps the material ductile and avoids cracking during fabrication.
• Residual Stress Relief: Heat to 450–600 °C to reduce stresses from welding or forming. Esse 310S residual stress relief anneal doesn’t affect the alloy’s corrosion or heat resistance.

Other Considerations

• Sensitization Avoidance: Its low carbon content means there’s no critical 310S sensitization temperature range—unlike alloys with higher carbon (por exemplo, 310).
• Sigma Phase Risk: 310S sigma phase formation kinetics is slow, but avoid prolonged heating at 600–800 °C (can make the material brittle).
• Cold Working: 310S cold working limitations are minimal—it can be bent or stamped, but excessive cold working may reduce ductility (anneal after heavy forming to restore properties).

5. Soldagem, Fabricação & Machining Guidelines

Welding and machining AISI 310S require simple adjustments to preserve its high-temperature and corrosion properties.

Welding Tips

• Filler Metal: Usar 310S filler metal ER310 (matching composition) to ensure the weld has the same heat and corrosion resistance as the base metal. Avoid lower-nickel fillers (por exemplo, ER309) for high-temperature applications.
• Preheat & PWHT: 310S preheat temperature is typically not required for thicknesses up to 25 milímetros. 310S post-weld heat treatment is optional—only needed for thick parts (sobre 25 milímetros) to relieve residual stress.
• Weldability: 310S weldability rating is “excellent”—it has strong 310S hot cracking resistance and works well for 310S dissimilar welding to carbon steel (por exemplo, in boiler piping transitions).

Usinagem & Formando

• Speeds & Feeds: 310S machining speeds and feeds should be 10–15% lower than carbon steel. Por exemplo, use 60–80 m/min speed with 310S tool life with coated carbide (TiAlN coatings last 2x longer than uncoated tools).
• Formando: 310S forming and bending limits are good—it can be deep-drawn into parts like 310S thermal processing trays or rolled into tubes. Usar 310S distortion control techniques (por exemplo, clamping during welding, slow cooling) to keep parts true to size.

6. Product Forms, Sizes & Supply Chain

AISI 310S is available in a wide range of forms to fit nearly any high-temperature or corrosive project.

Common Product Forms

• Plates & Sheets: 310S stainless steel plate thicknesses range from 3 mm para 200 milímetros (ideal for furnace liners); 310S sheet gauge chart includes 16 medidor (1.5 milímetros) para 1/2 inch (12.7 milímetros) for smaller parts.
• Pipes & Tubes: 310S seamless pipe ASTM A312 (for high-pressure, high-heat piping) e 310S welded tube dimensions (for low-pressure applications like exhausts).
• Bars & Acessórios: 310S round bar stock (10 mm para 300 mm de diâmetro), 310S angle iron sizes (20×20 mm to 100×100 milímetros), e 310S refractory anchors (for securing furnace linings).
• Specialty Forms: 310S coil slit widths (10 mm para 1250 milímetros), 310S flat bar tolerances (±0,1mm), 310S custom forgings (por exemplo, burner tips), e 310S perforated sheet patterns (for filtration in high-heat systems).

Supply Chain Tips

Work with global suppliers who stock310S seamless pipe ASTM A312 e310S custom forgings—these specialty forms can have long lead times. Para projetos urgentes, prioritize suppliers with local inventory of common sizes (por exemplo, 6 mm–20 mm plates).

7. Aplicações Industriais & Estudos de caso

AISI 310S’s versatility makes it a top choice for industries needing extreme heat and corrosion resistance. Here are key use cases:

• Furnace & Tratamento térmico: 310S furnace muffles (enclose heated parts), 310S radiant tubes (transfer heat in furnaces), 310S heat treatment fixtures (hold parts during annealing), e 310S annealing boxes (retain heat).
• Petrochemical & Power: 310S petrochemical reformer tubes, 310S power plant boiler baffles (direct steam flow), e 310S kiln linings (for cement or ceramic kilns).
• Automotivo & Industrial: 310S automotive exhaust manifolds (for high-performance engines) e 310S thermal processing trays (carry parts through ovens).

A real example: A Chinese solar thermal plant used310S seamless pipe ASTM A312 for molten salt piping (operating at 565 °C). The pipes showed no corrosion or scaling after 5 anos, outperforming the previously used 304L pipes.

Yigu Technology’s Perspective

Na tecnologia Yigu, we recommend AISI 310S for clients needing extreme high-temperature and corrosion resistance. Nós fornecemos310S ASTM A240 plates and310S seamless pipe ASTM A312 from certified mills, ensuring compliance with ASME/EN standards. For petrochemical and furnace clients, nós priorizamos310S sulfidation resistance eoxidation resistance up to 1100 °C testando. Our team advises on welding (usandoER310 filler) to avoid post-weld weaknesses. For projects above 1000 °C, AISI 310S is the most reliable, escolha econômica.

Perguntas frequentes

1. What’s the difference between AISI 310 and 310S?
   310S is a 310S low-carbon grade (≤0.08% carbon), enquanto 310 has higher carbon (0.15% máx.). 310S offers 310S intergranular corrosion prevention (no sensitization after welding), making it better for corrosive environments. 310 has slightly higher strength but is prone to intergranular corrosion.
2. Can AISI 310S be used in seawater?
   Yes—its high chromium content resists 310S oxidation in humid air and mild seawater spray (por exemplo, coastal power plants). No entanto, 316L or 2205 duplex steel are better for fully submerged parts (more molybdenum resists pitting from saltwater).
3. Do I need preheat for welding AISI 310S?
   Não-310S preheat temperature is not required for thicknesses up to 25 milímetros. For thicker parts (>25 mm), a 100–150 °C preheat reduces cracking risk. Always use 310S filler metal ER310 to match the base metal’s properties—lower-nickel fillers will reduce heat resistance.