T1 tool steel is a high-carbon, tungsten-based high-speed steel (HSS) terkenal dengan yang luar biasa Pakai rintangan, kekerasan merah, dan Kestabilan terma—traits driven by its alloy-rich composition (tungsten, Chromium, Vanadium) and precise heat treatment. Unlike low-alloy tool steels, T1 excels in high-speed cutting and heavy-duty tool applications, making it a top choice for tool making, Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Pembuatan automotif, and mold production where extreme durability and heat resistance are critical. Dalam panduan ini, Kami akan memecah sifat utamanya, Penggunaan dunia nyata, proses pembuatan, dan bagaimana ia dibandingkan dengan bahan lain, Membantu anda memilihnya untuk projek yang menuntut prestasi tanpa kompromi.
1. Key Material Properties of T1 Tool Steel
T1’s performance lies in its optimized alloy composition and heat-treatable nature, which balance hardness, ketangguhan, and heat resistance for high-stress, Aplikasi suhu tinggi.
Komposisi kimia
T1’s formula prioritizes high-speed cutting performance and wear resistance, with strict ranges for key alloying elements:
- Karbon (C): 0.70-0.80% (high enough to form hard carbides with tungsten/vanadium, kritikal untuk Pakai rintangan)
- Mangan (Mn): 0.15-0.40% (modest addition enhances hardenability without compromising thermal stability)
- Silikon (Dan): 0.20-0.40% (aids deoxidation during steelmaking and stabilizes high-temperature mechanical properties)
- Sulfur (S): ≤0.030% (ultra-rendah untuk mengekalkan ketangguhan and avoid cracking during heat treatment or high-speed cutting)
- Fosforus (P): ≤0.030% (dikawal ketat untuk mengelakkan kelembutan sejuk, essential for tools used in low-temperature environments)
- Chromium (Cr): 3.75-4.50% (enhances hardenability and Rintangan kakisan, memastikan hasil rawatan haba seragam)
- Molybdenum (Mo): ≤0.60% (trace addition boosts red hardness and fatigue resistance for high-speed applications)
- Vanadium (V): 1.00-1.50% (Menapis saiz bijian, bertambah baik kesan ketangguhan, and forms ultra-hard vanadium carbides for wear resistance)
- Tungsten (W): 17.50-19.00% (elemen teras untuk kekerasan merah—retains hardness at 600°C+ during high-speed cutting, avoiding softening)
Sifat fizikal
| Harta | Typical Value for T1 Tool Steel |
| Ketumpatan | ~8.70 g/cm³ (higher than low-alloy steels, due to tungsten content—no impact on tool performance for most applications) |
| Titik lebur | ~1420-1480°C (lower than pure metals but suitable for hot working and heat treatment) |
| Kekonduksian terma | ~ 25 w/(m · k) (at 20°C—lower than carbon steels, but sufficient for heat dissipation during cutting) |
| Kapasiti haba tertentu | ~0.45 kJ/(kg · k) (pada 20 ° C.) |
| Resistiviti elektrik | ~200 Ω·m (at 20°C—higher than low-alloy steels, Mengehadkan penggunaan dalam aplikasi elektrik) |
| Sifat magnet | Ferromagnet (mengekalkan kemagnetan di semua negeri, Memudahkan ujian tidak merosakkan untuk kecacatan alat) |
Sifat mekanikal
Selepas rawatan haba standard (pelindapkejutan dan pembajaan), T1 delivers industry-leading performance for high-speed cutting and heavy-duty tools:
- Kekuatan tegangan: ~2400-2600 MPa (exceptionally high, ideal for high-cutting-force applications like milling hard steels)
- Kekuatan hasil: ~ 2000-2200 MPa (Memastikan alat menentang ubah bentuk kekal di bawah beban pemesinan berat)
- Kekerasan (Rockwell c): 63-66 HRC (Selepas rawatan haba -disesuaikan: 63-64 HRC for tough cutting tools, 65-66 HRC for wear-resistant dies)
- Kemuluran:
- Pemanjangan: ~8-12% (dalam 50 mm—moderate, sufficient for shaping into tool blanks without cracking)
- Pengurangan kawasan: ~20-30% (indicates good toughness for high-speed cutting, avoiding sudden tool breakage)
- Kesan ketangguhan (Charpy v-notch, 20° C.): ~25-35 J/cm² (good for HSS—higher than ceramic tools, reducing chipping risk during cutting)
- Rintangan Keletihan: ~900-1000 MPa (at 10⁷ cycles—critical for high-volume cutting tools like production-line lathe tools)
- Pakai rintangan: Cemerlang (tungsten and vanadium carbides resist abrasion 3-4x better than low-alloy steels, Memperluas hayat alat)
- Kekerasan merah: Superior (retains ~60 HRC at 600°C—enables high-speed cutting (400+ m/min untuk keluli ringan) tanpa melembutkan)
Sifat lain
- Rintangan kakisan: Sederhana (Tambahan kromium melindungi terhadap kelembapan ringan; requires surface treatment like coating for outdoor use or wet machining)
- Kebolehkalasan: Miskin (high carbon and tungsten content causes cracking; preheating to 600-700°C and post-weld tempering are mandatory for repairs, making it impractical for most welded tools)
- Kebolehkerjaan: Adil (keadaan anil, Hb 240-280, requires carbide tools for machining; post-heat-treatment grinding is needed for precision edges, as hardening (63-66 HRC) makes it unmachinable with standard tools)
- Kebolehbaburan: Sederhana (hot forming is recommended for complex shapes—heated to 1100-1150°C for forging into tool blanks; cold forming is limited due to high hardness in annealed state)
- Kestabilan terma: Cemerlang (retains mechanical properties at 600°C+, making it ideal for high-speed cutting or hot-forming dies)
2. Aplikasi Dunia REAL T1 Tool Steel
T1’s red hardness and wear resistance make it a staple in industries where high-speed, suhu tinggi, or heavy-duty tool performance is non-negotiable. Berikut adalah kegunaannya yang paling biasa:
Pembuatan alat
- Alat pemotongan: High-speed cutting tools for machining hard steels (Mis., 4140 keluli aloi) use T1—kekerasan merah retains sharpness at 600°C+, enabling cutting speeds 2x faster than low-alloy tools.
- Pemotong Pengilangan: End mills for heavy-duty milling of cast iron or stainless steel use T1—Pakai rintangan mengendalikan 500+ parts per cutter (vs. 200+ for M2 HSS), reducing tool replacement costs.
- Alat Lathe: Turning tools for automotive crankshafts or industrial gears use T1—kekuatan tegangan withstands high cutting forces, and fatigue resistance ensures 10,000+ turns per tool.
- Broaches: Internal broaches for shaping gear teeth or keyways use T1—Pengisaran ketepatan creates sharp, consistent teeth, and wear resistance maintains accuracy over 20,000+ Cycles Broaching.
- Reamers: Reamers ketepatan untuk lubang toleransi ketat (± 0.0005 mm) in aerospace components use T1—kemasan permukaan (Ra 0.1 μm) ensures hole quality, and wear resistance extends reamer life by 3x.
Contoh kes: A machining shop used M2 HSS for milling 4140 alloy steel parts but faced tool dulling after 250 bahagian. Switching to T1 extended tool life to 600 bahagian (140% lebih lama)-Mengalamkan masa regrinding oleh 50% dan penjimatan $48,000 setiap tahun dalam kos buruh dan alat.
Kejuruteraan Mekanikal
- Aci: High-stress shafts for industrial compressors or turbine generators use T1—kekuatan tegangan (2400-2600 MPA) handles rotational loads up to 10,000 Rpm, and fatigue resistance prevents failure from repeated stress.
- Gear: Heavy-duty gears for mining equipment or marine propulsion systems use T1—Pakai rintangan reduces tooth wear by 60% vs. keluli karbon, extending gear life to 5+ tahun.
- Bahagian mesin: Komponen suhu tinggi (Mis., furnace conveyor rollers) use T1—Kestabilan terma retains strength at 500°C+, avoiding deformation in high-heat environments.
- Peralatan perindustrian: Cutting blades for metal shredders or recycling machinery use T1—ketangguhan resists impact from metal scraps, and wear resistance extends blade life by 2.5x.
Industri automotif
- Komponen enjin: Bahagian enjin suhu tinggi (Mis., valve seats or camshafts) use T1—Kestabilan terma withstands 550°C+ engine heat, dan haus rintangan mengurangkan degradasi komponen.
- Bahagian penghantaran: Transmission gears for heavy-duty trucks use T1—kekuatan tegangan handles torque loads up to 1500 N · m, and fatigue resistance ensures 300,000+ km penggunaan.
- Gandar: Heavy-duty trailer axles use T1—kekuatan hasil (2000-2200 MPA) resists bending under 30+ beban tan, mengurangkan downtime penyelenggaraan oleh 40%.
- Komponen penggantungan: High-stress suspension brackets for off-road vehicles use T1—ketangguhan resists impact from rough terrain, and wear resistance prevents corrosion-related failure.
Aplikasi lain
- Acuan: Hot-forming molds for aluminum or brass use T1—Kestabilan terma retains shape at 450°C+, dan memakai pemegang rintangan 10,000+ forming cycles.
- Mati: Cold-heading dies for fastener manufacturing use T1—kekerasan (65-66 HRC) creates precise fastener heads, and wear resistance extends die life by 3x vs. D2 alat keluli.
- Pukulan: High-speed punches for stamping thick steel sheets (Mis., 10 mm keluli tahan karat) use T1—kesan ketangguhan Menentang kerepotan, dan memakai pemegang rintangan 200,000+ setem.
- Woodworking tools: Industrial woodworking blades for cutting hardwoods (Mis., oak or maple) use T1—sharpness retention reduces blade sharpening frequency by 70%, meningkatkan kecekapan pengeluaran.
3. Teknik Pembuatan Untuk T1 Alat Keluli
Producing T1 requires specialized processes to control its alloy composition (especially tungsten and vanadium) and optimize its heat treatment for red hardness and wear resistance. Inilah proses terperinci:
1. Pembuatan keluli
- Relau arka elektrik (EAF): Kaedah utama -keluli, tungsten, Chromium, Vanadium, and other alloys are melted at 1650-1750°C. Monitor sensor masa nyata Komposisi kimia to keep tungsten (17.50-19.00%) dan Vanadium (1.00-1.50%) within strict ranges—critical for red hardness and wear resistance.
- Vacuum arc remelting (Kami): Pilihan, for high-purity T1—molten steel is remelted in a vacuum to remove impurities (Mis., oksigen, nitrogen), improving toughness and reducing tool failure risk.
- Pemutus berterusan: Keluli cair dibuang ke dalam papak atau bilet (100-300 mm tebal) melalui kastor berterusan -cepat dan konsisten, ensuring uniform alloy distribution and minimal internal defects.
2. Kerja panas
- Rolling panas: Slabs/billets are heated to 1100-1150°C and rolled into bars, plat, or tool blanks (Mis., 50×50 mm bars for milling cutters). Hot rolling refines grain structure and shapes T1 into standard tool forms, while avoiding tungsten carbide segregation.
- Memalsukan panas: Keluli yang dipanaskan (1050-1100° C.) is pressed into complex tool shapes (Mis., lathe tool blanks or punch heads) using hydraulic presses—improves material density and aligns grain structure, meningkatkan ketangguhan.
- Penyemperitan: Keluli yang dipanaskan ditolak melalui mati untuk mencipta lama, bentuk seragam (Mis., reamer blanks or broach bars)—ideal for high-volume tool production.
- Penyepuhlindapan: Selepas bekerja panas, steel is heated to 850-900°C for 4-6 jam, slow-cooled to 600°C. Mengurangkan kekerasan ke HB 240-280, making it machinable and relieving internal stress from rolling/forging.
3. Kerja sejuk (Terhad, for Precision)
- Lukisan sejuk: For small-diameter tools (Mis., drill bits or small reamers), cold drawing pulls annealed steel through a die at room temperature to reduce diameter and improve dimensional accuracy—enhances surface finish (Ra 0.8 μm) but requires post-drawing annealing to retain machinability.
- Pemesinan ketepatan: CNC mills or grinders shape annealed T1 into tool blanks (Mis., milling cutter bodies or lathe tool holders)—carbide tools are mandatory due to T1’s moderate hardness in annealed state; machining is limited to pre-hardening steps (post-hardening grinding is needed for final precision).
4. Rawatan haba (Key to T1’s Performance)
- Pelindapkejutan: Heated to 1260-1300°C (austenitizing) untuk 30-60 minit (longer than low-alloy steels to dissolve tungsten carbides), quenched in oil or air. Hardens T1 to 65-68 HRC—air quenching reduces distortion but lowers hardness slightly (63-65 HRC) for large tools.
- Pembiakan: Reheated to 540-580°C for 1-2 jam, disejukkan udara (repeated 2-3 kali). Baki kekerasan merah and toughness—critical for high-speed cutting; mengelakkan lebih banyak masa, yang akan mengurangkan rintangan haus.
- Pengerasan permukaan: Pilihan, for extreme wear applications—low-temperature nitriding (500-550° C.) forms a 5-10 μm nitride layer, meningkatkan rintangan haus oleh 30% (ideal for cutting tools or dies).
- Tekanan pelepasan tekanan: Applied after machining—heated to 600-650°C for 1 jam, lambat disejukkan. Reduces residual stress from cutting, Mencegah alat melengkung semasa pelindapkejutan.
5. Rawatan permukaan & Penamat
- Pengisaran: Post-heat-treatment grinding with diamond wheels refines tool edges to ±0.001 mm tolerances—ensures sharp, consistent cutting surfaces for precision tools like reamers or broaches.
- Salutan: Pemendapan wap fizikal (Pvd) salutan (Mis., Titanium aluminium nitride, Tialn) are applied to cutting tools—reduces friction, extends tool life by 2.5x, and improves heat dissipation during high-speed cutting.
- Menggilap: Precision polishing creates a smooth surface (Ra 0.1 μm) for tools like reamers or dies—reduces material adhesion during cutting/forming, meningkatkan kualiti bahagian.
4. Kajian kes: T1 Tool Steel in Heavy-Duty Gear Milling
A gear manufacturer used D2 tool steel for milling large industrial gears (4140 keluli aloi, 500 diameter mm) tetapi menghadapi dua isu: tool wear after 150 gears and high regrinding costs. Switching to T1 delivered transformative results:
- Tool Life Extension: T1’s Pakai rintangan dan kekerasan merah extended tool life to 400 gear (167% lebih lama)—cutting regrinding frequency by 60% dan penjimatan $30,000 annually in regrinding costs.
- Kecekapan pengeluaran: T1’s ability to handle higher cutting speeds (350 m/min vs.. 200 m/min for D2) reduced milling time per gear by 43%, meningkatkan kapasiti pengeluaran oleh 75 gears per month.
- Penjimatan kos: Despite T1’s 40% Kos bahan yang lebih tinggi, Pengilang disimpan $96,000 annually via longer tool life and faster production—achieving ROI in 3 bulan.
